A precise forest spatial structure investigation using the SLAM+AR technology

Introduction Forest spatial structures are the foundations of structure and function forest ecosystems. Quantitative descriptions analyses have recently become common tools for digitalized management. Therefore, accuracy intelligence acquiring information great significance. Methods In this study, we developed a measurement system using mobile phone. Through system, following tree measurements can be achieved: (1) point cloud chest diameter circle to measure at breast height (DBH) position coordinates by simultaneous localization mapping (SLAM) technology, (2) virtual boundary creation sample plot, auxiliary with augmented reality (AR) interactive module, (3) single-tree volume factor calculate structural parameters (e.g., Mingling degree, Dominance index, Uniform angle Crowdedness index).The was tested in three 32 x martificial plots. Results The average DBH estimations showed BIAS -0.47 0.45 cm RMSEs 0.57 0.95 cm. Its level met requirements forestry surveys. estimates plots had relatively small 0.17 0.22 m on x-axis 0.16 0.26 y-axis. were as follows: mingling degree plot 1 0.32, overall mixing species low. trees 2 3 all single species, both 0. dominance index 0.56, 0.51, indicating that competitive advantage whole orest not obvious. uniform 0.55, 0.59, 0.61, positions randomly distributed. crowdedness 1.03, aggregation low random distribution trend. other 1.36 1.40, show trend distribution, uniformity is higher than 2, but weak. Discussion findings study provide support optimization improve our conceptual understanding community succession restoration, addition informatization precision